Chemistry of life

1. Amyloseamylose
An unbranched polymer of 200-5000 glucose units all joined by α(1→4) glycosidic bonds. It forms compact spiral molecules so is ideally adapted as a storage molecule. - an unbranched polymer made in plants made up of 200 - 5000 glucoseglucose
A type of sugar: a mono saccharide with 6 carbon atoms (a hexose sugar). units all joined by α-1,4 glycosidic bondglycosidic bond
The bond formed by a condensation reaction between two a sugar molecule, and another group that might not be a sugar s. It forms spiral molecules, so it is very compact – ideal as a storage molecule.

2. Amylopectinamylopectin
A polymer made up of glucose units joined by α(1→4) links with branches at the α(1→6) linkages which form every 25 glucose units, so it is broken down more rapidly than amylose. - a plant polymer made up of glucoseglucose
A type of sugar: a mono saccharide with 6 carbon atoms (a hexose sugar). units joined mainly by α-1,4 links but with some α-1,6 linkages, so the chains branch around every 24-30 glucose units. It is not as compact as amyloseamylose
An unbranched polymer of 200-5000 glucose units all joined by α(1→4) glycosidic bonds. It forms compact spiral molecules so is ideally adapted as a storage molecule. , but as all the chain ends are available for enzymes to hydrolyse the bonds, it can be broken down quickly to provide glucose for cellular respirationcellular respiration
Breaking down glucose (food) without oxygen to provide available energy for the cells. The glucose reacts with oxygen to produce energy in the form of ATP with carbon dioxide and water as waste products. .

• Glycogen: a complex carbohydratecarbohydrate
  Energy producing organic compounds which are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Examples of food containing carbohydrate are rice, pasta, bread and potatoes  used as an energy store in animal and fungal cells. In humans, glycogen is stored in the liver and the muscles, with very small amounts also stored in the brain. Structurally glycogen is very similar to amylopectinamylopectin
  A polymer made up of glucose units joined by α(1→4) links with branches at the α(1→6) linkages which form every 25 glucose units, so it is broken down more rapidly than amylose. but with more α-1,6 linkages – every 8-12 glucoseglucose
  A type of sugar: a mono saccharide with 6 carbon atoms (a hexose sugar). units. This means it is very branched and so more compact than amylopectin, and it can be broken down very rapidly to provide the glucose fuel needed for cellular respirationcellular respiration
  Breaking down glucose (food) without oxygen to provide available energy for the cells. The glucose reacts with oxygen to produce energy in the form of ATP with carbon dioxide and water as waste products. .

• Cellulosecellulose
  A complex carbohydrate which makes up plant cell walls. : a complex carbohydratecarbohydrate
  Energy producing organic compounds which are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Examples of food containing carbohydrate are rice, pasta, bread and potatoes  made up of β-glucoseglucose
  A type of sugar: a mono saccharide with 6 carbon atoms (a hexose sugar). molecules joined by β -1,4 glycosidic linkages. The linking of β glucose units in this way means there are hydroxyl (-OH) groups on both sides of the polymer. Many hydrogen bondhydrogen bond
  An intermolecular attractive force between hydrogen, when it is covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom (fluorine, oxygen or nitrogen), and an oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine atom on another molecule. s form producing strong cross-linking between the long straight cellulose molecules. Cellulose is a very strong material but the molecules do not spiral or branch so they are not compact. Cellulose if the main structural material of plant cell walls. Most animals do not have the enzymes needed to break the β -1,4 glycosidic linkages. Cellulase enzymes are only found in some protista that live in the guts of wood eating termites, and some bacteriabacteria
  Single-celled organism. Has a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm. Its DNA is loosely-coiled in the cytoplasm and there is no distinct nucleus. .

The nature of these polysaccharidespolysaccharides
Complex carbohydrates consisting of more than one sugar molecule. depends on the isomers of glucoseglucose
A type of sugar: a mono saccharide with 6 carbon atoms (a hexose sugar). involved in the molecules, and the type of glycosidic bondglycosidic bond
The bond formed by a condensation reaction between two a sugar molecule, and another group that might not be a sugar s formed.